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<title>Ruler</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruler</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Ruler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ruler (disambiguation)">Ruler (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carpenter's rule" redirects here. For the mathematical unfolding problem, see <a href="Carpenter's_rule_problem" title="Carpenter's rule problem">Carpenter's rule problem</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>ruler</b>, sometimes called a <b>rule</b>, <b>scale</b>, <b>line gauge</b>, or <b>metre/meter stick,</b> is an instrument used to make <a href="Length_measurement" title="Length measurement">length measurements</a>, whereby a length is read from a series of markings called "rules" along an edge of the device.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, the instrument is rigid and the edge itself is a <a href="Straightedge" title="Straightedge">straightedge</a> ("ruled straightedge"), which additionally allows one to draw straighter lines. Rulers are an important tool in geometry, geography and mathematics. They have been used since at least 2650 BC.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2></div>

<p>Rulers have long been made from different materials and in multiple sizes. Historically, they were mainly <a href="Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> but <a href="Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> have also been used. They can be created with length markings instead of being <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scribe" class="extiw external" title="wikt:scribe">scribed</a>. Metal is also used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for straight-line cutting. Typically 12 <a href="Inch" title="Inch">in</a> (30 <a href="Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a>) in length, though some can go up to 100 cm, it is useful for a ruler to be on a desk or workstation to help in drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longer rulers (e.g. 18 in (46 cm)) are necessary in some cases, some examples being the <a href="Yardstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardstick">yardsticks</a> and <a href="Meter_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter stick">meter sticks</a>. Historically, long <a href="Measuring_rod" title="Measuring rod">measuring rods</a> were used for larger projects, now superseded by the <a href="Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">tape measure</a>, <a href="Surveyor's_wheel" title="Surveyor's wheel">the surveyor's wheel</a> or laser <a href="Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinders</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_geometry">Use in geometry</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Compass_and_straightedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass and straightedge">Compass and straightedge</a></div>

<p>In geometry, straight lines between points may be drawn using a straightedge (ruler without any rules on it). Furthermore, it is also used to draw accurate graphs and tables.

</p><p>A <a href="Compass_and_straightedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass and straightedge">ruler and compass construction</a> is a construction that uses a ruler and a compass. It is possible to bisect an angle into two equal parts with a ruler and compass. It can be proven, though, that it is impossible to divide an angle into three equal parts using only a compass and straightedge — the problem of <a href="Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">angle trisection</a>. However, if two marks be allowed on the ruler, the problem becomes solvable via a <a href="Neusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neusis">neusis</a> construction.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In the <a href="History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">history of measurement</a> many distance units have been used which were based on the human body such as the <a href="Cubit" title="Cubit">cubit</a>, <a href="Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hand</a> and <a href="Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a>, and these units varied in length by era and location.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 18th century, the <a href="Metrication" title="Metrication">metric system</a> came into use and has since been adopted to varying degrees in almost all countries around the world.

</p><p>The oldest preserved measuring rod is a copper-alloy bar that dates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2650 BC and was found by the German Assyriologist <a href="Eckhard_Unger" title="Eckhard Unger">Eckhard Unger</a> while excavating at the <a href="Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian city</a> of <a href="Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> (present-day Iraq).

</p><p>Rulers made of <a href="Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> were in use by the <a href="Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> period prior to 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitelaw14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitelaw14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations at <a href="Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> (2400 BC) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style>1.6 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-Whitelaw14_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitelaw14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Whitelaw holds that the <a href="Mohenjo-Daro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohenjo-Daro">Mohenjo-Daro</a> ruler is divided into units corresponding to 33.5 millimetres (1.32 in) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy, to within 0.13 millimetres (0.005 in). Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Anton_Ullrich" title="Anton Ullrich">Anton Ullrich</a> invented the folding ruler in 1851. Frank Hunt later made the flexible ruler in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curved_and_flexible_rulers">Curved and flexible rulers</h2></div>

<p>The equivalent of a ruler for drawing or reproducing a smooth curve, where it takes the form of a rigid template, is known as a <a href="French_curve" title="French curve">French curve</a>. A flexible device that can be bent to the desired shape is known as a <a href="Flat_spline" title="Flat spline">flat spline</a>, or (in its more modern incarnation) a <i>flexible curve</i>. Historically, a flexible <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> rule used by <a href="Masonry" title="Masonry">masons</a> that could be bent to the curves of a <a href="Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">molding</a> was known as a <a href="Lesbian_rule" title="Lesbian rule">lesbian rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div>

<p><a href="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> famously used rulers as an example in his discussion of <a href="Language-game" class="mw-redirect" title="Language-game">language games</a> in the <i><a href="Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> (1953). He pointed out that the <a href="Metre#International_prototype_metre_bar" title="Metre">standard meter bar</a> in Paris was the criterion against which all other rulers were determined to be one meter long. However, there was no analytical way to demonstrate that the standard meter bar itself was one meter long. It could only be asserted as one meter as part of a language game.

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<ul><li><a href="Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">Accuracy and precision</a> – Measures of observational error</li>

<li><a href="Dividing_engine" title="Dividing engine">Dividing engine</a> – Device for marking graduations on measuring instruments</li>

<li><a href="Golomb_ruler" title="Golomb ruler">Golomb ruler</a> – Set of marks along a ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart</li>

<li><a href="Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">Measuring instrument</a> – Measuring instruments which monitor and control a process<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Measuring_rod" title="Measuring rod">Measuring rod</a> – Tool used to physically measure lengths</li>

<li><a href="Rolling_ruler" title="Rolling ruler">Rolling ruler</a></li>

<li>Scales:

<ul><li><a href="Architect's_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect's scale">Architect's scale</a> – Tool used for measuring at a fixed ratio<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Metric_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric scale">Metric scale</a> – Tool used for measuring at a fixed ratio<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span> and</li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's scale">Engineer's scale</a> – Tool used for measuring at a fixed ratio<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Significant_figures" title="Significant figures">Significant figures</a> – Any digit of a number within its measurement resolution, as opposed to spurious digits</li>

<li><a href="Technical_drawing_tool" title="Technical drawing tool">Technical drawing tool</a> – Tools and instruments used for accurate and precise manual drafting</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/ruler">"ruler noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"</a>. <i>www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025132533/http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/ruler">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x98DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA887">"Steel Rule Has Pocket Clip For Use As A Depth Gauge"</a>, <i>Popular Science</i>, December 1935, p. 887 bottom right.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Herbert A. <i>The science of measurement: a historical survey</i>. Reprint, unabridged, corr. republ. der Ausg. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1974. ed. New York, NY: Dover, 1988. Print.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Whitelaw14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitelaw14_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitelaw14_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelaw, p. 14.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitelaw, p. 15.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1214954">"Flexible Ruler Invented by Frank G. Hunt"</a>. <i>National Museum of National History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630014738/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1214954">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-oed-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-lesbian_rule" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=lesbian+rule">"lesbian rule"</a></span>. <i><a href="Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Cherry, Dan. "Collector's guide to rules", <i>Furniture & Cabinetmaking</i>, no. 259, July 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/1365-4292">ISSN 1365-4292</a>, pp. 52–6</li>

<li>Rees, Jane and Mark (2010). <i>The Rule Book: Measuring for the Trades</i>. Lakeville, MN: Astragal Press <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-931626-26-2</bdi> <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907853704">907853704</a></li>

<li><a href="David_R._Russell" title="David R. Russell">Russell, David R.</a>; with photography by <a href="James_Austin_(photographer)" title="James Austin (photographer)">James Austin</a> and foreword by <a href="David_Armstrong-Jones%2C_Viscount_Linley" class="mw-redirect" title="David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley">David Linley</a> (2010). <i><a href="Antique_Woodworking_Tools" title="Antique Woodworking Tools">Antique Woodworking Tools: Their Craftsmanship from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century</a></i>, Cambridge: <a href="John_Adamson_(publisher)" title="John Adamson (publisher)">John Adamson</a> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-898565-05-5</bdi> <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/727125586">727125586</a>, pp. 64–74</li>

<li>Whitelaw, Ian (2007). <i>A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement</i>. Macmillan <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-312-37026-1</bdi> <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/938084552">938084552</a></li></ul>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ruler" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ruler">ruler</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Length_measuring_devices" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Length measuring devices">Length measuring devices</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Measuring_and_alignment_tools738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">Measuring</a> and alignment tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architect's_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect's scale">Architect's scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Beam_compass" title="Beam compass">Beam compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Calipers" title="Calipers">Calipers</a></li>

<li><a href="Chalk_line" title="Chalk line">Chalk line</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li>

<li><a href="Compass_(drawing_tool)" title="Compass (drawing tool)">Compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">Coordinate-measuring machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagonal_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonal scale">Diagonal scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Drafting_machine" title="Drafting machine">Drafting machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's scale">Engineer's scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_spline" title="Flat spline">Flat spline</a></li>

<li><a href="French_curve" title="French curve">French curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunter's_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_level" title="Laser level">Laser level</a></li>

<li><a href="Line_laser_level" title="Line laser level">Line laser level</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_rangefinder#Laser_measuring_tools" title="Laser rangefinder">Laser measuring tool</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesbian_rule" title="Lesbian rule">Lesbian rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Measuring_rod" title="Measuring rod">Measuring rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Meterstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Meterstick">Meterstick</a></li>

<li><a href="Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Plumb_bob" title="Plumb bob">Plumb-bob</a></li>

<li><a href="Goniometer#Protractor" title="Goniometer">Protractor</a></li>

<li><a href="Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_square" title="Set square">Set square</a></li>

<li><a href="Skirret_(tool)" title="Skirret (tool)">Skirret</a></li>

<li><a href="Sliding_T_bevel" title="Sliding T bevel">Sliding T bevel</a></li>

<li><a href="Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed square</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_level" title="Spirit level">Spirit level</a></li>

<li><a href="Steel_square" title="Steel square">Steel square</a></li>

<li><a href="Stencil" title="Stencil">Stencil</a></li>

<li><a href="Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li>

<li><a href="Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a></li>

<li><a href="T-square" title="T-square">T-square</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodolite" title="Theodolite">Theodolite</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Try_square" title="Try square">Try square</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">Weighing scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li>

<li><a href="Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<dl><dt>Types of tools</dt>

<dd>Cleaning</dd>

<dd>Cutting and abrasive</dd>

<dd>Forestry</dd>

<dd>Garden</dd>

<dd>Kitchen</dd>

<dd>Machine and metalworking</dd>

<dd>Masonry</dd>

<dd>Measuring and alignment</dd>

<dd>Mining</dd>

<dd>Power</dd>

<dd>Textile</dd>

<dd>Woodworking</dd></dl>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metalworking238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Metalworking_tools333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Metalworking tools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cutting machines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser</a></li>

<li><a href="Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cutting tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li>

<li><a href="Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterbore" title="Counterbore">Counterbore</a></li>

<li><a href="Countersink" title="Countersink">Countersink</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li>

<li><a href="Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shears</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipped_tool" title="Tipped tool">Tipped tool</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake</a></li>

<li><a href="English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Hydraulic press</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_press" title="Machine press">Machine press</a></li>

<li><a href="Punch_press" title="Punch press">Punch press</a></li>

<li><a href="Screw_press" title="Screw press">Screw press</a></li>

<li><a href="Stamping_press" title="Stamping press">Stamping press</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metalworking_hand_tool" title="Metalworking hand tool">Hand tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li>

<li><a href="Drift_pin" title="Drift pin">Drift pin</a></li>

<li><a href="Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li>

<li><a href="Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">Needlegun scaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Piercing_saw" title="Piercing saw">Piercing saw</a></li>

<li><a href="Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li>

<li><a href="Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li>

<li><a href="Scriber" title="Scriber">Scriber</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a></li>

<li><a href="Workbench" title="Workbench">Workbench</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li>

<li><a href="Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bore_gauge" title="Bore gauge">Bore gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Calipers" title="Calipers">Caliper</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_gauge" title="Center gauge">Center gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)" title="Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)">Dial indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineer's_spirit_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's spirit level">Engineer's spirit level</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauge_block" title="Gauge block">Gauge block</a></li>

<li><a href="Go/no_go_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Go/no go gauge">Go/no go gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Height_gauge" title="Height gauge">Height gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_blue" title="Marking blue">Marking blue</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Marking_out" title="Marking out">Marking out</a></li>

<li><a href="Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_comparator" title="Optical comparator">Optical comparator</a></li>

<li><a href="Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li>

<li><a href="Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li>

<li><a href="Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li>

<li><a href="Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li>

<li><a href="Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li>

<li><a href="Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li>

<li><a href="Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li>

<li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li>

<li><a href="Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata719" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104555#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata719" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4348439-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115809">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548654505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/0e10ea96-1702-4f96-858e-ba6c68d908b0">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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